
Happy New Year 2009 to all regular visitors and friends of Crystal & Eve. Thank You.
Lying is typically used to refer to deceptions in oral or written communication.[citation needed] Other forms of deception, such as disguises or forgeries, are generally not considered lies, though the underlying intent may be the same. However, even a true statement can be considered a lie if the person making that statement is doing so to deceive. In this situation, it is the intent of being untruthful rather than the truthfulness of the statement itself that is considered.
The various types of lies include the following:
Fabrication
A fabrication is a lie told when someone submits a statement as truth, without knowing for certain whether or not it actually is true. Although the statement may be possible or plausible, it is not based on fact. Rather, it is something made up - or it is a misrepresentation of the truth.
Note: it is entirely possible (and common) for one to fabricate a lie and believe it.
Examples of fabrication: "The dog ate my homework", or "I did unplug the iron".
Bald-faced lie
A bald-faced (or barefaced, or boldfaced) lie is one which is told when it is obvious to all concerned that it is a lie. For example, a child who has chocolate all around his mouth and denies that he has eaten any chocolate is a bald-faced liar.
Lying by omission
One lies by omission by omitting an important fact, deliberately leaving another person with a misconception. Lying by omission includes failures to correct pre-existing misconceptions. A husband may tell his wife he was out at a store, which is true, but lie by omitting the fact that he also visited his mistress, although it is disputable whether or not this is actually a lie. In most cases, the person has not directly denied a truth, but merely omitted some part of what transpired.
Lie-to-children
A lie-to-children is a lie, often a platitude which may use euphemism(s), which is told to make an adult subject acceptable to children. A common example is "The stork brought you" (in reference to childbirth).
White lie
A white lie would cause no discord if it were uncovered, and offers some benefit to the liar, the hearer, or both. White lies are often used to avoid offense, such as telling someone that you think that their new outfit looks good, when you actually think that it is a horrible excuse for an outfit. In this case, the lie is told to avoid the harmful realistic implications of the truth. As a concept, it is largely defined by local custom and cannot be clearly separated from other lies with any authority. As such, the term may have differing meanings in different cultures. Lies which are harmless (but told for no reason) are generally called white lies.
Noble lie
A noble lie is one which would normally cause discord if it were uncovered, but which offers some benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore potentially beneficial to others. It is often told to maintain law, order and safety. A noble lie usually has the effect of helping an elite maintain power.
Emergency lie
An emergency lie is a strategic lie told when the truth may not be told because, for example, harm to a third party would result. For example, a neighbour might lie to an enraged husband about the whereabouts of his unfaithful wife, because said husband might reasonably be expected to inflict physical injury should he encounter his wife in person. Alternatively, an emergency lie could denote a (temporary) lie told to a second person because of the presence of a third.
Perjury
Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law, or in any of various sworn statements in writing. Perjury is a crime, because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court to remain intact, witness testimony must be relied on as truthful.
Bluffing
Pretending to have a capability or intention which one does not actually possess. Bluffing is an act of deception which is rarely seen as immoral, because it takes place in the context of a game where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players. For instance, a gambler who deceives other players into thinking he has different cards to those which he really holds, or an athlete who indicates he will move left and then actually dodges right, is not considered to be lying. In these situations, deception is accepted and indeed expected as a tactic.
Misleading
A misleading statement is one where there is no outright lie, but there still remains the purpose of making someone believe in an untruth.
Dissembling
"Dissembling" is a polite term for lying, though some might consider it a reference to merely misleading. It is usually considered to be a euphemism for lying.
Exaggeration
An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspect(s) of a statement is true, but only to a certain degree. An example of this sort of lie is when someone says they are so hungry they could eat a horse.
Jocose lies
Jocose lies are those which are meant in jest, and are usually understood as such by all present parties. Teasing and sarcasm are examples. A more elaborate instance is seen in storytelling traditions which are present in some places, where the humour comes from the storyteller's insistence that he or she is telling the absolute truth, despite all evidence being to the contrary (i.e. tall tale). There is debate about whether these are "real" lies, and different philosophers hold different views (see below).
Promotion lies
Advertisements often contain statements which are incredible, such as "We are always happy to give a refund", or exaggerated predictions such as "You will love our new product".
It is alleged[1] that some belief systems may find lying to be justified. Leo Tolstoy is cited[2] as describing religious institutions as "the product of deception [and] lies for a good purpose".
Augustine of Hippo wrote his book De Mendacio "Of Lying" as part of his work: "Retractions" [3] in 395 AD. He had previously written two other books on the subject: a "Book on Lying" and "Against Lying". In "Of Lying" he writes that he is reconciling his two previous works, and addressing the great question of lying, which he felt was an urgent need of his time. He began: "Magna quæstio est de Mendacio". From his text, it can be derived that
Baru-baru ini ketika musim cuti sekolah iaitu pada 16 Ogos hingga 23 Ogos 2008, saya dengan abang dan adik perempuan saya dan juga beberapa saudara terdekat dan rapat serta saudara dari LD berkumpul di rumah datuk saya dengan harapan dapat menghabiskan cuti tersebut demi merapatkan tali persaudaraan antara kami dan juga bertukar-tukar fikiran sambil bermain game dan lain-lain. Pada mulanya, kami adakan acara retreat dengan cara bermalam bersama di luar rumah menggunakan khemah. Memang seronok kerana dapat menikmati udara segar pada waktu malam dan pagi yang mana jarang-jarang kami lakukan sebelum ini dan menatapi bintang-bintang yang berkelip-kelip di ruang angkasa.
Namun, kesoronokan musim cuti pada kali ini bertukar wajah apabila salah seorang daripada ahli keluarga saya (anti saya sebenarnya) mula pandai bermain ilmu jiwa. Terkejut saya bilamana saya dituduh menghalau beliau dari rumah datuk saya walhal beliau lah yang menghalau saya dan adik saya dari rumah datuk saya yang saya sayangi itu. Beliau amat mudah mempengaruhi datuk serta anti saya yang berada di KL (yang hanya dengar sebelah pihak sahaja) bahawa saya lah orang yang mengeluarkan kata-kata kesat tersebut sehingga menyebabkan datuk saya yang tidak tahu perkara sebenar itu mempercayai pembohongan beliau. Apabila datuk saya sampai ke rumah dari timur
Dalam hal yang berkaitan, ibubapa saya telah menganggap perkara itu sudah berlalu dan sudah tidak relevan lagi kerana bapa saya sudah mendapat kepastian dari datuk saya yang menyatakan bahawa kami boleh tinggal di rumah datuk saya sebelum beliau berangkat balik ke timur
Dalam kejadian yang sama, bapa saya hampir melaporkan kepada pihak berkuasa mengenai kelakuannya yang mendera saya sehingga menyebabkan kecederaan pada tangan saya (lihat gambar) namun setelah menerima nasihat dari ibu saya, bapa saya mengabaikan perkara tersebut kerana kecederaan itu tidaklah begitu mendesak. Walau pun demikian, bapa meminta saya memberitahunya sekiranya kejadian seumpama itu berulang lagi dan tidak akan teragak-agak untuk melaporkan kepada pihak berkuasa termasuklah polis. Bapa saya bilang, sepanjang usianya, beliau belum pernah berjumpa atau terjumpa dengan orang (budak sekolah belasan tahun) yang pandai twisting/main ular perkara sebenar. Inilah kali pertama beliau terserampak dengan orang yang sedemikian namun berselindung dengan kuasa “TWISTER” nya. Mungkin terlalu menonton drama atau Pilipin punya series?.....lol..memang pun. Maklum lah kaum kerabat Corazon C. Aquino pula nun dari selatan Phil........ (part 2 akan bersambung pada musim cuti sekolah November-December)……….cheers…..
Typhoon Nuri continued to intensify as it maintained its course towards south
The Department of Public Health says a recent analysis found that Ego Hao Jin Bang candy contained as much as 0.73 parts per million of lead (read here, here & here).
First aid treatment was not applied as the hotel where three people died at foam party did not have a doctor after 18.00.
The fact about the foam party disaster where three people died in
Foam party disaster which took place at Venezia Palace Deluxe Resort Hotel in Kundu Antalya revealed the fact that the hotels in the region do not have doctors after 18.00 hours. It is detected that the people who got electric shock from the foam machine had the first medical intervention only after 20 minutes and the injured were taken to hospital 30-45 minutes later. The ministry of culture and tourism started an investigation on the hotel and machine operator Tuncay Duran and party organizer Element company owner Erol Kabaca were sent to the court for "causing death because of carelessness and negligence."
Deputy Science, Technology and Innovation Minister Fadillah Yusof told the Dewan Negara that a seismic study by the Malaysian Science Academy (MSA) and other information found that the earthquake expected in Sabah and
Fadillah said the study concluded that
Replying to a supplementary question from Wan Ramlah, Fadillah said information on earthquakes would be channelled via RTM and SMSed to all TV and radio stations.
“We also have an early warning system in case of an earthquake or tsunami with 14 stations nationwide, with three more being built, and two buoys already in place.”